volatility. in mines

Theoretical Stage This stage is created when vapor and liquid mix perfectly and then separate without entraining any drops of liquid into the vapor or retaining any foam in the liquid. Tray Efficiency A tray in a distillation tower will work at some percentage of efficiency compared to a theoretical stage. This is mostly a function of how well the vapor and liquid are mixed on the tray deck, and how well they are then separated. Gauge This is the thickness of metal. The smaller the gauge, the thicker the metal. Twelve gauge is about 0.1 in thick. Mesh This is the number of wires in a filter screen. The bigger the mesh, the finer the filter.
Flange I worked at Amoco Oil for nine years before I found out what is meant by a flange. It's the flat end of a pipe that is used to bolt up to a flange on another piece of piping. Bolts, with nuts at each end, are used to force the flanges together.
Expansion Loop Piping thermally expands as it gets hot. Allowance must be made for the growth in pipe length otherwise the pipe will break by cracking at its welds. We burned down a fractionator at the Good Hope Refinery because of such an omission. Spool Piece Piping is made in sections with flanges at each end.
This makes it easier to replace bad sections of pipe than if the piping sections were welded together though welded pipe is cheaper. Flange Rating Connections on vessels, spool pieces and valves have a pressure rating called a flange rating. This rating can be confusing—for example, a 150 psig flange rating is actually good for about 230 psig design.

lithium rechargeable batteries

Lithium ion batteries are both an established commercial market as well as a field of constant research and crucial for technological leadership. For example, battery duration is an extremely important selling point with almost any portable or handheld electronic device. Notebook computers, digital cameras, mobile phones, PDAs, mp3-players all rely on lithium ion batteries. Ultimately, powerful batteries are needed in vehicles to supplement or even entirely replace combustion engines.
Starting out with an introduction to the fundamentals of lithium ion batteries, this book begins by describing in detail the new materials for all four major uses as cathodes, anodes, separators, and electrolytes. It then goes on to address such critical issues as self-discharge and passivation effects, highlighting lithium ion diffusion and its profound effect on a battery's power density, life cycle and safety issues.
From the contents:

• General Concepts
• Lithium Insertion Materials Having Spinel-Framework Structure for Advanced Batteries
• Overlithiated Li_1+x (Ni_zCo_1-2zMn_z)_1-xO₂ as Positive Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries
• Iron-Based Rare-Metal-Free Cathodes
• Thermodynamics of Electrode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
• Raman Investigation of Cathode Materials for Lithium Batteries
• Development of Lithium Ion Batteries: From the View Points of Importance of the Electrolytes
• Inorganic Additives and Electrode Interface
• Characterization of Solid Polymer Electrolytes and Fabrication of All Solid-State Lithium Polymer Secondary Batteries
• Thin Film Metal Oxide Electrodes for Lithium Microbatteries
• Research and Development Work on Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries for High-Performance Environmental Vehicles
  

The monograph concludes with a detailed chapter on lithium ion battery use in hybrid electric vehicles.
Invaluable reading for materials scientists, electrochemists, physicists, and those working in the automobile and electrotechnical industries, as well as those working in computer hardware and the semiconductor industry.

Lithium The Elements

Review on Lithium (The Elements) by Tom Jackson. This book is part of "The Elements" series and gives us a brief introduction to the metal Lithium and its properties. The book is suited for entry level readers to chemistry.